Tag: ALL

Hardness and Tensile Strength of Steels: Brinell and Rockwell Scales

Following is an estimate of the relationship between various hardness scales and the tensile strength of standard steels.  It should be considered as a general comparison not applicable to all materials:

Hardness Conversion Table

Brinell Hardness Rockwell Hardness
Tungsten Carbide Ball 3000 KG A Scale 60 kg B Scale 100 kg C Scale 150 kg Tensile Stength (approx.)
– 86 – 68 –
– 85 – 68 –
– 85 – 67 –
767 85 – 66 –
757 84 – 66 –
745 84 – 65 –
733 84 – 65 –
722 83 – 64 –
712 83 – 64 –
710 83 – 63 –
698 83 – 62 –
684 82 – 62 –
682 82 – 62 –
670 82 – 61 –
656 81 – 60 –
653 81 – 60 –
647 81 – 60 –
638 81 – 59 329,000
630 81 – 59 324,000
627 80 – 59 323,000
601 80 – 57 309,000
578 79 – 56 297,000
555 78 – 55 285,000
534 78 – 54 274,000
514 77 – 52 263,000
495 76 – 51 253,000
477 76 – 50 243,000
461 75 – 48 235,000
444 74 – 47 225,000
429 73 – 46 217,000
415 73 – 44 210,000
401 72 – 43 202,000
388 71 – 42 195,000
375 71 – 40 188,000
363 70 – 39 182,000
352 69 – 38 176,000
341 69 – 37 170,000
331 68 – 36 166,000
321 68 – 34 160,000
311 67 – 33 155,000
302 66 – 32 150,000
293 66 – 31 145,000
285 65 – 30 141,000
277 65 – 29 137,000
269 64 – 28 133,000
262 64 – 27 129,000
255 63 – 25 126,000
248 62 – 24 122,000
241 62 100 23 118,000
235 61 99 22 115,000
229 61 98 20 111,000
223 – 97 20 –
217 – 96 18 105,000
212 – 96 17 102,000
207 – 95 16 100,000
201 – 94 15 98,000
197 – 93 – 95,000
192 – 92 – 93,000
187 – 91 – 90,000
183 – 90 – 89,000
179 – 89 – 87,000
174 – 88 – 85,000
170 – 87 – 83,000
167 – 86 – 81,000
163 – 85 – 79,000
156 – 83 – 76,000
149 – 81 – 73,000
143 – 79 – 71,000
137 – 76 – 67,000
131 – 74 – 65,000
126 – 72 – 63,000
121 – 70 – 60,000
116 – 68 – 58,000
111 – 66 – 56,000

GD&T (ASTM Y14.5)

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerances: Symbols (ASTM Y14.5-2009)

Angularity – The condition of a surface, centerplane or axis being exactly at a specified angle
Circularity – A condition where all points of a surface of revolution, at any section perpendicular to a common axis, are equidistant from that axis.
Concentricity – The condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a cylinder (or a surface of revolution) are congruent with the axis of a datum feature.
Cylindricity – A condition of a surface of revolution in which all points of the surface are equidistant from a common axis.

Flatness – The condition of a surface having all of its elements in one plane.

Parallelism – The condition that results when a surface, axis or centerplane is exactly parallel to a datum.
Perpendicularity – The condition that results when a surface, axis, or centerplane is exactly 90° to a datum.
Position – The zone within which the axis or center plane of a feature is permitted to vary from true (theoretically exact) position.
Profile of a Line Control – A geometric tolerance that limits the amount of error for line elements relative to their true profile.
Profile of a Surface Control – A geometric tolerance that limits the amount of error a surface can have relative to its true profile.
Circular Runout – A composite control that affects the form, orientation, and location of circular elements of a part feature relative to a datum axis.
Straightness (Axis or Centerplane) – The condition where an axis is a straight line (or, in the case of a centerplane, each line element is a straight line).
Symmetry – The condition where the median points of all opposed elements of two or more feature surfaces are congruent with the axis or centerplane of a datum feature.
Total Runout – A composite control affecting the form, orientation, and location of all surface elements of a diameter (or surface) relative to a datum axis.

Geometric Dimensionsing and Tolerances: Modifiers (ASTM Y14.5-2009)

All-Around Symbol – A circle placed on the bend of the leader line of a profile control.
Basic Dimension – A numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, true profile, orientation, or location of a feature or datum target.
Between Symbol – A double ended arrow that indicates the tolerance zone extends to include multiple surfaces.
Controlled Radius – A radius with no flats or reversals allowed. The symbol for a controlled radius is “CR.”
Datum Feature – A part feature that contacts a datum.
Datum Target – A symbol that describes the shape, size, and location of gage elements that are used to establish datum planes or axes.
Feature Control Frame – A rectangular box that is divided into compartments within which the geometric characteristic symbol, tolerance value, modifiers, and datum references are placed.
Least Material Condition – The condition in which a feature of size contains the least amount of material everywhere within the stated limits of size.
Maximum Material Condition – The condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material everywhere within the stated limits of size.
Projected Tolerance Zone – A tolerance zone that is projected above the part surface.
Radius – A straight line extending from the center of an arc or circle to its surface.

Reference Specification ASTM Y14.5-2009

Metric Hex Bolt Head Size

Bolt Diameter
(mm)		 Head/Wrench Size
(mm)
ANSI/ISO DIN JIS DIN/ISO
Heavy Hex
4 7 7 7 –
5 8 8 8 –
6 10 10 10 –
7 – 11 – –
8 13 13 12 –
10 16 17 14 –
12 18 19 17 22/21*
14 21 22 19 –
16 24 24 22 27
18 – 27 – –
20 30 30 – 34/32*
ANSI – American National Standards Institute
ISO – International Organization for Standardisation
DIN – Deutsches Institut fur Normung
JIS – Japanese Industrial Standard
* Indicates ISO standard.

Drill Size Chart – Standard Fractional, Letter, Gauge and Metric

Drill size Diameter (in) Diameter (mm)
#107 0.0019 0.0483
0.05 mm 0.0020 0.0500
#106 0.0023 0.0584
#105 0.0027 0.0686
#104 0.0031 0.0787
#103 0.0035 0.0889
#102 0.0039 0.0991
0.1 mm 0.0039 0.1000
#101 0.0043 0.1092
#100 0.0047 0.1194
#99 0.0051 0.1295
#98 0.0055 0.1397
#97 0.0059 0.1499
#96 0.0063 0.1600
#95 0.0067 0.1702
#94 0.0071 0.1803
#93 0.0075 0.1905
0.2 mm 0.0079 0.2000
#92 0.0079 0.2007
#91 0.0083 0.2108
#90 0.0087 0.2210
#89 0.0091 0.2311
#88 0.0095 0.2413
#87 0.0100 0.2540
#86 0.0105 0.2667
#85 0.0110 0.2794
#84 0.0115 0.2921
0.3 mm 0.0118 0.3000
#83 0.0120 0.3048
#82 0.0125 0.3175
#81 0.0130 0.3302
#80 0.0135 0.3429
#79 0.0145 0.3680
1/64 in 0.0156 0.3969
0.4 mm 0.0158 0.4000
#78 0.0160 0.4064
#77 0.0180 0.4572
0.5 mm 0.0197 0.5000
#76 0.0200 0.5080
#75 0.0210 0.5334
#74 0.0225 0.5715
0.6 mm 0.0236 0.6000
#73 0.0240 0.6096
#72 0.0250 0.6350
#71 0.0260 0.6604
0.7 mm 0.0276 0.7000
#70 0.0280 0.7112
#69 0.0292 0.7417
#68 0.0310 0.7874
1/32 in 0.0313 0.7938
0.8 mm 0.0315 0.8000
#67 0.0320 0.8128
#66 0.0330 0.8382
#65 0.0350 0.8890
0.9 mm 0.0354 0.9000
#64 0.0360 0.9144
#63 0.0370 0.9398
#62 0.0380 0.9652
#61 0.0390 0.9906
1 mm 0.0394 1.0000
#60 0.0400 1.0160
#59 0.0410 1.0414
#58 0.0420 1.0668
#57 0.0430 1.0922
1.1 mm 0.0433 1.1000
#56 0.0465 1.1811
3/64 in 0.0469 1.1906
1.2 mm 0.0472 1.2000
1.3 mm 0.0512 1.3000
#55 0.0520 1.3208
#54 0.0550 1.3970
1.4 mm 0.0551 1.4000
1.5 mm 0.0591 1.5000
#53 0.0595 1.5113
1/16 in 0.0625 1.5875
1.6 mm 0.0630 1.6000
#52 0.0635 1.6129
1.7 mm 0.0669 1.7000
#51 0.0670 1.7018
#50 0.0700 1.7780
1.8 mm 0.0709 1.8000
#49 0.0730 1.8542
1.9 mm 0.0748 1.9000
#48 0.0760 1.9304
5/64 in 0.0781 1.9844
#47 0.0785 1.9939
2 mm 0.0787 2.0000
#46 0.0810 2.0574
#45 0.0820 2.0828
2.1 mm 0.0827 2.1000
#44 0.0860 2.1844
2.2 mm 0.0866 2.2000
#43 0.0890 2.2606
2.3 mm 0.0906 2.3000
#42 0.0935 2.3749
3/32 in 0.0938 2.3813
2.4 mm 0.0945 2.4000
#41 0.0960 2.4384
#40 0.0980 2.4892
2.5 mm 0.0984 2.5000
#39 0.0995 2.5273
#38 0.1015 2.5781
2.6 mm 0.1024 2.6000
#37 0.1040 2.6416
2.7 mm 0.1063 2.7000
#36 0.1065 2.7051
7/64 in 0.1094 2.7781
#35 0.1100 2.7940
2.8 mm 0.1102 2.8000
#34 0.1110 2.8194
#33 0.1130 2.8702
2.9 mm 0.1142 2.9000
#32 0.1160 2.9464
3 mm 0.1181 3.0000
#31 0.1200 3.0480
3.1 mm 0.1221 3.1000
1/8 in 0.1250 3.1750
3.2 mm 0.1260 3.2000
#30 0.1285 3.2639
3.3 mm 0.1299 3.3000
3.4 mm 0.1339 3.4000
#29 0.1360 3.4544
3.5 mm 0.1378 3.5000
#28 0.1405 3.5687
9/64 in 0.1406 3.5719
3.6 mm 0.1417 3.6000
#27 0.1440 3.6576
3.7 mm 0.1457 3.7000
#26 0.1470 3.7338
#25 0.1495 3.7973
3.8 mm 0.1496 3.8000
#24 0.1520 3.8608
3.9 mm 0.1535 3.9000
#23 0.1540 3.9116
5/32 in 0.1563 3.9688
#22 0.1570 3.9878
4 mm 0.1575 4.0000
#21 0.1590 4.0386
#20 0.1610 4.0894
4.1 mm 0.1614 4.1000
4.2 mm 0.1654 4.2000
#19 0.1660 4.2164
4.3 mm 0.1693 4.3000
#18 0.1695 4.3053
11/64 in 0.1719 4.3656
#17 0.1730 4.3942
4.4 mm 0.1732 4.4000
#16 0.1770 4.4958
4.5 mm 0.1772 4.5000
#15 0.1800 4.5720
4.6 mm 0.1811 4.6000
#14 0.1820 4.6228
#13 0.1850 4.6990
4.7 mm 0.1850 4.7000
3/16 in 0.1875 4.7625
4.8 mm 0.1890 4.8000
#12 0.1890 4.8006
#11 0.1910 4.8514
4.9 mm 0.1929 4.9000
#10 0.1935 4.9149
#9 0.1960 4.9784
5 mm 0.1969 5.0000
#8 0.1990 5.0546
5.1 mm 0.2008 5.1000
#7 0.2010 5.1054
13/64 in 0.2031 5.1594
#6 0.2040 5.1816
5.2 mm 0.2047 5.2000
#5 0.2055 5.2197
5.3 mm 0.2087 5.3000
#4 0.2090 5.3086
5.4 mm 0.2126 5.4000
#3 0.2130 5.4102
5.5 mm 0.2165 5.5000
7/32 in 0.2188 5.5563
5.6 mm 0.2205 5.6000
#2 0.2210 5.6134
5.7 mm 0.2244 5.7000
#1 0.2280 5.7912
5.8 mm 0.2284 5.8000
5.9 mm 0.2323 5.9000
A 0.2340 5.9436
15/64 in 0.2344 5.9531
6 mm 0.2362 6.0000
B 0.2380 6.0452
6.1 mm 0.2402 6.1000
C 0.2420 6.1468
6.2 mm 0.2441 6.2000
D 0.2460 6.2484
6.3 mm 0.2480 6.3000
1/4 in 0.2500 6.3500
E 0.2500 6.3500
6.4 mm 0.2520 6.4000
6.5 mm 0.2559 6.5000
F 0.2570 6.5278
6.6 mm 0.2598 6.6000
G 0.2610 6.6294
6.7 mm 0.2638 6.7000
17/64 in 0.2656 6.7469
H 0.2660 6.7564
6.8 mm 0.2677 6.8000
6.9 mm 0.2717 6.9000
I 0.2720 6.9088
7 mm 0.2756 7.0000
J 0.2770 7.0358
7.1 mm 0.2795 7.1000
K 0.2810 7.1374
9/32 in 0.2813 7.1438
7.2 mm 0.2835 7.2000
7.3 mm 0.2874 7.3000
L 0.2900 7.3660
7.4 mm 0.2913 7.4000
M 0.2950 7.4930
7.5 mm 0.2953 7.5000
19/64 in 0.2969 7.5406
7.6 mm 0.2992 7.6000
N 0.3020 7.6708
7.7 mm 0.3032 7.7000
7.8 mm 0.3071 7.8000
7.9 mm 0.3110 7.9000
5/16 in 0.3125 7.9375
8 mm 0.3150 8.0000
O 0.3160 8.0264
8.1 mm 0.3189 8.1000
8.2 mm 0.3228 8.2000
P 0.3230 8.2042
8.3 mm 0.3268 8.3000
21/64 in 0.3281 8.3344
8.4 mm 0.3307 8.4000
Q 0.3320 8.4328
8.5 mm 0.3347 8.5000
8.6 mm 0.3386 8.6000
R 0.3390 8.6106
8.7 mm 0.3425 8.7000
11/32 in 0.3438 8.7313
8.8 mm 0.3465 8.8000
S 0.3480 8.8392
8.9 mm 0.3504 8.9000
9 mm 0.3543 9.0000
T 0.3580 9.0932
9.1 mm 0.3583 9.1000
23/64 in 0.3594 9.1281
9.2 mm 0.3622 9.2000
9.3 mm 0.3661 9.3000
U 0.3680 9.3472
9.4 mm 0.3701 9.4000
9.5 mm 0.3740 9.5000
3/8 in 0.3750 9.5250
V 0.3770 9.5758
9.6 mm 0.3780 9.6000
9.7 mm 0.3819 9.7000
9.8 mm 0.3858 9.8000
W 0.3860 9.8044
9.9 mm 0.3898 9.9000
25/64 in 0.3906 9.9219
10 mm 0.3937 10.0000
X 0.3970 10.0838
Y 0.4040 10.2616
13/32 in 0.4063 10.3188
Z 0.4130 10.4902
10.5 mm 0.4134 10.5000
27/64 in 0.4219 10.7156
11 mm 0.4331 11.0000
7/16 in 0.4375 11.1125
11.5 mm 0.4528 11.5000
29/64 in 0.4531 11.5094
15/32 in 0.4688 11.9063
12 mm 0.4724 12.0000
31/64 in 0.4844 12.3031
12.5 mm 0.4921 12.5000
1/2 in 0.5000 12.7000
13 mm 0.5118 13.0000
33/64 in 0.5156 13.0969
17/32 in 0.5313 13.4938
13.5 mm 0.5315 13.5000
35/64 in 0.5469 13.8906
14 mm 0.5512 14.0000
9/16 in 0.5625 14.2875
14.5 mm 0.5709 14.5000
37/64 in 0.5781 14.6844
15 mm 0.5906 15.0000
19/32 in 0.5938 15.0813
39/64 in 0.6094 15.4781
15.5 mm 0.6102 15.5000
5/8 in 0.6250 15.8750
16 mm 0.6299 16.0000
41/64 in 0.6406 16.2719
16.5 mm 0.6496 16.5000
17 mm 0.6693 17.0000
43/64 in 0.6719 17.0656
11/16 in 0.6875 17.4625
17.5 mm 0.6890 17.5000
45/64 in 0.7031 17.8594
18 mm 0.7087 18.0000
23/32 in 0.7188 18.2563
18.5 mm 0.7284 18.5000
47/64 in 0.7344 18.6531
19 mm 0.7480 19.0000
3/4 in 0.7500 19.0500
49/64 in 0.7656 19.4469
19.5 mm 0.7677 19.5000
25/32 in 0.7813 19.8438
20 mm 0.7874 20.0000
51/64 in 0.7969 20.2406
20.5 mm 0.8071 20.5000
13/16 in 0.8125 20.6375
21 mm 0.8268 21.0000
53/64 in 0.8281 21.0344
27/32 in 0.8438 21.4313
21.5 mm 0.8465 21.5000
55/64 in 0.8594 21.8281
22 mm 0.8661 22.0000
7/8 in 0.8750 22.2250
22.5 mm 0.8858 22.5000
57/64 in 0.8906 22.6219
23 mm 0.9055 23.0000
29/32 in 0.9063 23.0188
21/23 in 0.9130 23.1913
59/64 in 0.9219 23.4156
23.5 mm 0.9252 23.5000
15/16 in 0.9375 23.8125
24 mm 0.9449 24.0000
61/64 in 0.9531 24.2094
24.5 mm 0.9646 24.5000
31/32 in 0.9688 24.6063
25 mm 0.9843 25.0000
63/64 in 0.9844 25.0031
1 in 1.0000 25.4000
25.5 mm 1.0039 25.5000
1 1/64 in 1.0156 25.7969
26 mm 1.0236 26.0000
1 1/32 in 1.0313 26.1938
26.5 mm 1.0433 26.5000
1 3/64 in 1.0469 26.5906
1 1/16 in 1.0625 26.9875
27 mm 1.0630 27.0000
1 5/64 in 1.0781 27.3844
27.5 mm 1.0827 27.5000
1 3/32 in 1.0938 27.7813
28 mm 1.1024 28.0000
1 7/64 in 1.1094 28.1781
28.5 mm 1.1221 28.5000
1 1/8 in 1.1250 28.5750
1 9/64 in 1.1406 28.9719
29 mm 1.1417 29.0000
1 5/32 in 1.1563 29.3688
29.5 mm 1.1614 29.5000
1 11/64 in 1.1719 29.7656
30 mm 1.1811 30.0000
1 3/16 in 1.1875 30.1625
30.5 mm 1.2008 30.5000
1 13/64 in 1.2031 30.5594
1 7/32 in 1.2188 30.9563
31 mm 1.2205 31.0000
1 15/64 in 1.2344 31.3531
31.5 mm 1.2402 31.5000
1 1/4 in 1.2500 31.7500
32 mm 1.2598 32.0000
1 17/64 in 1.2656 32.1469
32.5 mm 1.2795 32.5000
1 9/32 in 1.2813 32.5438
1 19/64 in 1.2969 32.9406
33 mm 1.2992 33.0000
1 5/16 in 1.3125 33.3375
33.5 mm 1.3189 33.5000
1 21/64 in 1.3281 33.7344
34 mm 1.3386 34.0000
1 11/32 in 1.3438 34.1313
34.5 mm 1.3583 34.5000
1 23/64 in 1.3594 34.5281
1 3/8 in 1.3750 34.9250
35 mm 1.3780 35.0000
1 25/64 in 1.3906 35.3219
35.5 mm 1.3976 35.5000
1 13/32 in 1.4063 35.7188
36 mm 1.4173 36.0000
1 27/64 in 1.4219 36.1156
36.5 mm 1.4370 36.5000
1 7/16 in 1.4375 36.5125
1 29/64 in 1.4531 36.9094
37 mm 1.4567 37.0000
1 15/32 in 1.4688 37.3063
37.5 mm 1.4764 37.5000
1 31/64 in 1.4844 37.7031
38 mm 1.4961 38.0000
1 1/2 in 1.5000 38.1000

Surface Finish of Machined Parts



When it comes to machined parts, most people are typically concerned only with average roughness of a part, Ra; however, there are many more roughness parameters which can be specified.

Surface Finish usually takes on the lay of its manufacturing process.  For example, if a part is saw-cut, it will have a linear lay following

the travel of the saw teeth.  On the other hand, if a part is rotary-ground it’s finish will have a circular lay.

There are several specification guiding the detailing of surface finish.  The Europeans use BS EN ISO 1302:2002 Geometrical product specifications (GPS).  In the US, ASME Y14.36M is commonly used.  The symbols in each standard are quite similar:

The metric-to-inch conversion is:

R a-μm – 0.025 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 6.3 12.5 25 50
R a– μinch 1 2 4 8 16 32 63 125 250 500 1000 2000

Various machining operations have different typical surface finishes inherent to their respective manufacturing process, as indicated in the table below:

National Pipe Thread (NPT) Sizes / Dimensions


Pipe thread sizes

Nominal
NPT Size		 Outer
Diameter
inch (mm)		 Threads
per inch		 Pitch
of Thread
inch (mm)
1/16“ 0.3125 in (7.94 mm) 27 0.03704 in (0.94082 mm)
⅛” 0.405 in (10.29 mm) 27 0.03704 in (0.94082 mm)
¼” 0.540 in (13.72 mm) 18 0.05556 in (1.41122 mm)
3/8″ 0.675 in (17.15 mm) 18 0.05556 in (1.41122 mm)
½” 0.840 in (21.34 mm) 14 0.07143 in (1.81432 mm)
¾” 1.050 in (26.67 mm) 14 0.07143 in (1.81432 mm)
1″ 1.315 in (33.40 mm) 11½ 0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)
1¼” 1.660 in (42.16 mm) 11½ 0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)
1½” 1.900 in (48.26 mm) 11½ 0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)
2″ 2.375 in (60.33 mm) 11½ 0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)
2½” 2.875 in (73.02 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
3″ 3.500 in (88.90 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
4″ 4.500 in (114.30 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
5″ 5.563 in (141.30 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
6″ 6.625 in (168.27 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
10″ 10.750 in (273.05 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
12″ 12.750 in (323.85 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
14″ OD 14 in (355.60 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
16″ OD 16 in (406.40 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
18″ OD 18 in (457.20 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
20″ OD 20 in (508.00 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
24″ OD 24 in (609.60 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
Definition of pipe thread acronyms
NPT National Pipe Thread
FPT Female Pipe Thread
MPT Male Pipe Thread
PTF SAE short taper pipe thread – dryseal
NPTF American National taper pipe thread for dryseal pressure-tight joints
NPSM American National straight pipe thread for mechanical joints
NPSI American National straight intermediate pipe thread
GHT Garden Hose Thread
NST Fire Hose Thread
BSPT British Standard taper pipe thread (metric dimensions)

Hex Nut Grade Identification and Mechanical Properties


Grade
Identification
Marking		 Specification Material Nominal Size
In.		 Proof
Load
Stress
ksi		 Hardness
Rockwell		 See
Note
Min Max

No Mark		 ASTM A563 – Grade 0 Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 1-1/2 69 B55 C32 3,4
ASTM A563 – Grade A Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 1-1/2 90 B68 C32 3,4
ASTM A563 – Grade B Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 1 120 B69 C32 3,4
over 1 thru 1-1/2 105
ASTM A563 – Grade C Carbon Steel
May be Quenched
and Tampered		 1/4 thru 4 144 B78 C38 5
ASTM A563 – Grade C3 Atmospheric
Corrosion
Resistant Steel
May be Quenched
and Tampered		 1/4 thru 4 144 B78 C38 5,9
ASTM A563 – Grade D Carbon Steel
May be Quenched
and Tampered		 1/4 thru 4 150 B84 C38 6
ASTM A563 – Grade DH Carbon Steel
Quenched
and Tampered		 1/4 thru 4 175 C24 C38 6
ASTM A563 – Grade DH3 Atmospheric
Corrosion
Resistant Steel,
Quenched
and Tampered		 1/4 thru 4 175 C24 C38 5,9
ASTM A194 – Grade 1 Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 4 130 B70 — 7
ASTM A194 – Grade 2 Medium Carbon
Steel		 1/4 thru 4 150 159 352 7,8
ASTM A194 – Grade 2H Medium Carbon
Steel, Quenched
and Tempered		 1/4 thru 4 175 C24 C38 7
ASTM A194 – Grade 2HM Medium Carbon
Steel, Quenched
and Tempered		 1/4 thru 4 150 159 237 7,8
ASTM A194 – Grade 4 Medium Carbon
Alloy Steel,
Quenched
and Tempered		 1/4 thru 4 175 C24 C38 7
ASTM A194 – Grade 7 Medium Carbon
Alloy Steel,
Quenched
and Tempered		 1/4 thru 4 175 C24 C38 7
ASTM A194 – Grade 7M Medium Carbon
Alloy Steel,
Quenched
and Tempered		 1/4 thru 4 150 159 237 7
See Note 1,2 10

Hex Bolt Grade Identification and Mechanical Properties


Identification
Grade Mark		 Specification Fastener
Description		 Material Nominal Size
Range (in.)		 Mechanical Properties
Proof Load
(psi)		 Yield Strength
Min (psi)		 Tensile Strength
Min (psi)

No
Grade
Mark		 SAE J429
Grade 1		 Bolts,
Screws,
Studs		 Low or Medium Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 1-1/2 33,000 36,000 60,000
ASTM A307
Grades A&B		 Low Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 4 — —
SAE J429
Grade 2		 Low or Medium Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 3/4 Over 3/4 to 1-1/2 55,000
33,000		 57,000
36,000		 74,000
60,000

No
Grade
Mark		 SAE J429
Grade 4		 Studs Medium Carbon Cold Drawn Steel 1/4 thru 1-1/2 — 100,000 115,000

B5		 ASTM A193
Grade B5		 AISI 501 1/4 Thru 4 — 80,000 100,000

B6		 ASTM A193
Grade B6		 AISI 410 85,000 110,000

B7		 ASTM A193
Grade B7		 AISI 4140, 4142, OR 4105 1/4 thru 2-1/2
Over 2-1/2 thru 4
Over 4 thru 7		 —
—
—		 105,000
95,000
75,000		 125,000
115,000
100,000

B16		 ASTM A193
Grade B16		 CrMoVa Alloy Steel 105,000
95,000
85,000		 125,000
115,000
100,000

B8		 ASTM A193
Grade B8		 AISI 304 1/4 and larger — 30,000 75,000

B8C		 ASTM A193
Grade B8C		 AISI 347

B8M		 ASTM A193
Grade B8M		 AISI 316

B8T		 ASTM A193
Grade B8T		 Bolts,
Screws,
Studs for High-Temperature Service		 AISI 321 1/4 and larger — 30,000 75,000

B8		 ASTM A193
Grade B8		 AISI 304
Strain Hardened		 1/4 thr 3/4
Over 3/4 thru 1
Over 1 thru 1-1/4
Over 1-1/4 thru 1-1/2		 —
—
—
—		 100,000
80,000
65,000
50,000		 125,000
115,000
105,000
100,000

B8C		 ASTM A193
Grade B8C		 AISI 347
Strain Hardened

B8M		 ASTM A193
Grade B8M		 AISI 316
Strain Hardened		 95,000
80,000
65,000
50,000		 110,000
100,000
95,000
90,000

B8T		 ASTM A193
Grade B8T		 AISI 321
Strain Hardened		 100,000
80,000
65,000
50,000		 125,000
115,000
105,000
100,000

L7		 ASTM A320
Grade L7		 Bolts,
Screws,
Studs for Low-Temperature Service		 AISI 4140,
4142 or 4145		 1/4 thru 2-1/2 — 105,000 125,000

L7A		 ASTM A320
Grade L7A		 AISI 4037

L7B		 ASTM A320
Grade L7B		 AISI 4137

L7C		 ASTM A320
Grade LC7		 AISI 8740

L43		 ASTM A320
Grade L43		 AISI 4340 1/4 thru 4 — 105,000 125,000

B8		 ASTM A320
Grade B8		 Bolts,
Screws,
Studs for Low-Temperature Service		 AISI 304 1/4 and larger — 30,000 75,000

B8C		 ASTM A320
Grade B8C		 AISI 347

B8T		 ASTM A320
Grade B8T		 AISI 321

B8F		 ASTM A320
Grade B8F		 AISI 303
or 303Se

B8M		 ASTM A320
Grade B8M		 AISI 316

B8		 ASTM A320
Grade B8		 AISI 304 1/4 thru 3/4
Over 3/4 thru 1
Over 1 thru 1-1/4
Over 1-1/4 thru 1-1/2		 —
—
—
—		 100,000
80,000
65,00
50,00		 100,000
80,000
65,00
50,00

B8C		 ASTM A320
Grade B8C		 AISI 347

B8F		 ASTM A320
Grade B8F		 AISI 303
or 303Se

B8M		 ASTM A320
Grade B8M		 AISI 316

B8T		 ASTM A320
Grade B8T		 AISI 321
SAE J429
Grade 5		 Bolts,
Screws,
Studs		 Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered 1/4 thru 1
Over 1 to 1-1/2		 85,000
74,000		 92,000
81,000		 120,000
105,000
ASTM A449 1/4 thru 1
Over 1 to 1-1/2
Over 1-1/2 thru 3		 85,000
74,000
55,000		 92,000
81,000
58,000		 120,000
105,000
90,000
SAE J429
Grade 5.1		 Sems Low or Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered No. 6
thru 3/8		 85,000 — 120,000
SAE J429
Grade 5.2		 Bolts,
Screws,
Studs		 Low Carbon Martensitic Steel, Quenched and Tempered 1/4 thru 1 85,000 92,000 120,000

A325		 ASTM A325
Type 1		 High Strength
Structural Bolts		 Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered 1/2 thru 1
1-1/8 thru 1-1/2		 85,000
74,000		 92,000
81,000		 120,000
105,000

A325		 ASTM A325
Type 2		 Low Carbon Martensitic Steel, Quenched and Tempered 1/2 thru 1 85,000 92,000 120,000

A325		 ASTM A325
Type 3		 Atmospheric Corrosion Resisting Steel, Quenched and Tempered 1/2 thru 1
1-1/8 thru 1-1/2		 85,000
74,000		 92,000
81,000		 120,000
105,000

BB		 ASTM A354
Grade BB		 Bolts,
Studs		 Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered 1/4 thru 2-1/2
2-3/4 thru 4		 80,000
75,000		 83,000
78,000		 105,000
100,000

BC		 ASTM A354
Grade BC		 105,000
95,000		 109,000
99,000		 125,000
115,000
SAE J429
Grade 7		 Bolts,
Screws,		 Medium Carbon Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered 4 1/4 thru 1-1/2 105,000 115,000 133,000
SAE J429
Grade 8		 Bolts,
Screws,
Studs		 Medium Carbon Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered 1/4 thru 1-1/2 120,000 130,000 150,000
ASTM A354
Grade BD		 Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered 4

No Grade
Mark		 SAE J429
Grade 8.1		 Studs Medium Carbon Alloy or SAE 1041 Modified Elevated Temperature Drawn Steel 1/4 thru 1-1/2 120,000 130,000 150,000

A490		 ASTM A490 High Strength Structural Bolts Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered 1/2 thru 1-1/2 120,000 130,000 150,000 min
170,000 max

No Grade
Mark		 ISO R898
Class 4.6		 Bolts,
Screws,
Studs		 Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered All Sizes
thru 1-1/2		 33,000 36,000 60,000

No Grade
Mark		 ISO R898
Class 5.8		 55,000 57,000 74,000
8.8

or

88		 ISO R898
Class 8.8		 Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered 85,000 92,000 120,000
10.9

or

109		 ISO R898
Class 10.9		 120,000 130,000 150,000

Reference

Machinability of Metals


Machinability is the defined as the ease with which a material can be machined. The American Iron and Steel Institute has determined that AISI 1112 Steel has a machinability of 100%. Other materials are compared below:

Carbon Steels

  • 1015 – 72%
  • 1018 – 78%
  • 1020 – 72%
  • 1022 – 78%
  • 1030 – 70%
  • 1040 – 64%
  • 1042 – 64%
  • 1050 – 54%
  • 1095 – 42%
  • 1117 – 91%
  • 1137 – 72%
  • 1141 – 70%
  • 1141 annealed – 81%
  • 1144 – 76%
  • 1144 annealed – 85%
  • 1144 stress-proof – 83%
  • 1212 – 100%
  • 1213 – 136%
  • 12L14 – 170%
  • 1215 – 136%

Alloy Steels

  • 2355 annealed – 70%
  • 4130 annealed – 72%
  • 4140 annealed – 66%
  • 4142 annealed – 66%
  • 41L42 annealed – 77%
  • 4150 annealed – 60%
  • 4340 annealed – 57%
  • 4620 – 66%
  • 4820 annealed – 49%
  • 52100 annealed – 40%
  • 6150 annealed – 60%
  • 8620 – 66%
  • 86L20 – 77%
  • 9310 annealed – 51%

Stainless Steels and Super Alloys

  • 302 annealed – 45%
  • 303 annealed – 78%
  • 304 annealed – 45%
  • 316 annealed – 45%
  • 321 annealed – 36%
  • 347 annealed – 36%
  • 410 annealed – 54%
  • 416 annealed – 110%
  • 420 annealed – 45%
  • 430 annealed – 54%
  • 431 annealed – 45%
  • 440A – 45%
  • 15-5PH condition A – 48%
  • 17-4PH condition A – 48%
  • A286 aged – 33%
  • Hastelloy X – 19%

Tool Steels

  • A-2 – 42%
  • A-6 – 33%
  • D-2 – 27%
  • D-3 – 27%
  • M-2 – 39%
  • O-1 – 42%
  • O-2 – 42%

Gray Cast Iron

  • ASTM class 20 annealed – 73%
  • ASTM class 25 – 55%
  • ASTM class 30 – 48%
  • ASTM class 35 – 48%
  • ASTM class 40 – 48%
  • ASTM class 45 – 36%
  • ASTM class 50 – 36%

Nodular Ductile Iron

  • 60-40-18 annealed – 61%
  • 65-45-12 annealed – 61%
  • 80-55-06 – 39%

Aluminum / Magnesium Alloys

  • aluminum, cold drawn – 360%
  • aluminum, cast – 450%
  • aluminum, die cast – 76%
  • magnesium, cold drawn – 480%
  • magnesium, cast – 480%

Galvanic Compatibility of Metals – Anodic Index


Galvanic 

Designs sometimes cause dissimilar metals to be in contact within an assembly.  Increased variance of the two metals’ anodic index cause accelerated corrosion of the more anodic metal.  The variance in anodic index can be controlled somewhat through coatings (paint, epoxy, powder coat, etc) and plating (zinc, chrome, etc).

The table below provides a generalize guide for predicting the anodic corrosion two dissimilar metals are prone to.  The service environment also plays a role:

  • For harsh environments: outdoors, high humidity, and salt environments fall into this category. Typically there should be not more than 0.15 V difference in the “Anodic Index”. For example; gold – silver would have a difference of 0.15V being acceptable.
  • For normal environments: storage in warehouses or non-temperature and humidity controlled environments. Typically there should not be more than 0.25 V difference in the “Anodic Index”.
  • For controlled environments: where the temperature and humidity controlled, 0.50 V can be tolerated. Caution should be maintained when deciding for this application as humidity and temperature do vary from regions.

Anodic Index

Metallurgy Index (V)
Gold, solid and plated, Gold-platinum alloy 0.00
Rhodium plated on silver-plated copper 0.05
Silver, solid or plated; monel metal. High nickel-copper alloys 0.15
Nickel, solid or plated, titanium an s alloys, Monel 0.30
Copper, solid or plated; low brasses or bronzes; silver solder; German silvery high copper-nickel alloys; nickel-chromium alloys 0.35
Brass and bronzes 0.40
High brasses and bronzes 0.45
18% chromium type corrosion-resistant steels 0.50
Chromium plated; tin plated; 12% chromium type corrosion-resistant steels 0.60
Tin-plate; tin-lead solder 0.65
Lead, solid or plated; high lead alloys 0.70
Aluminum, wrought alloys of the 2000 Series 0.75
Iron, wrought, gray or malleable, plain carbon and low alloy steels 0.85
Aluminum, wrought alloys other than 2000 Series aluminum, cast alloys of the silicon type 0.90
Aluminum, cast alloys other than silicon type, cadmium, plated and chromate 0.95
Hot-dip-zinc plate; galvanized steel 1.20
Zinc, wrought; zinc-base die-casting alloys; zinc plated 1.25
Magnesium & magnesium-base alloys, cast or wrought 1.75
Beryllium 1.85