Following is an estimate of the relationship between various hardness scales and the tensile strength of standard steels. It should be considered as a general comparison not applicable to all materials: Hardness Conversion Table Brinell Hardness Rockwell Hardness Tungsten Carbide Ball 3000 KG A Scale 60 kg B Scale 100 kg C Scale 150 kg … Continue reading Hardness and Tensile Strength of Steels: Brinell and Rockwell Scales
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerances: Symbols (ASTM Y14.5-2009) Angularity – The condition of a surface, centerplane or axis being exactly at a specified angle Circularity – A condition where all points of a surface of revolution, at any section perpendicular to a common axis, are equidistant from that axis. Concentricity – The condition where the median … Continue reading GD&T (ASTM Y14.5)
Bolt Diameter (mm) Head/Wrench Size (mm) ANSI/ISO DIN JIS DIN/ISO Heavy Hex 4 7 7 7 – 5 8 8 8 – 6 10 10 10 – 7 – 11 – – 8 13 13 12 – 10 16 17 14 – 12 18 19 17 22/21* 14 21 22 19 – 16 24 24 … Continue reading Metric Hex Bolt Head Size
Standard NPT Tap Drill Sizes NPT Size Tap Drill Size (in.) Decimal Equivalent (in.) 1/16 – 27 “C” 0.242 1/8 – 27 “Q” 0.332 1/4 – 18 7/16 0.438 3/8 – 18 9/16 0.562 1/2 – 14 45/64 0.703 3/4 – 14 29/32 0.906 1.0 – 11•1/2 1•9/64 1.141 1•1/4 – 11•1/2 1•31/64 1.484 … Continue reading National Pipe Thread (NPT) Tap Drill Size
Drill size Diameter (in) Diameter (mm) #107 0.0019 0.0483 0.05 mm 0.0020 0.0500 #106 0.0023 0.0584 #105 0.0027 0.0686 #104 0.0031 0.0787 #103 0.0035 0.0889 #102 0.0039 0.0991 0.1 mm 0.0039 0.1000 #101 0.0043 0.1092 #100 0.0047 0.1194 #99 0.0051 0.1295 #98 0.0055 0.1397 #97 0.0059 0.1499 #96 0.0063 0.1600 #95 0.0067 0.1702 #94 0.0071 … Continue reading Drill Size Chart – Standard Fractional, Letter, Gauge and Metric
When it comes to machined parts, most people are typically concerned only with average roughness of a part, Ra; however, there are many more roughness parameters which can be specified. Surface Finish usually takes on the lay of its manufacturing process. For example, if a part is saw-cut, it will have a linear lay following … Continue reading Surface Finish of Machined Parts
Pipe thread sizes Nominal NPT Size Outer Diameter inch (mm) Threads per inch Pitch of Thread inch (mm) 1/16“ 0.3125 in (7.94 mm) 27 0.03704 in (0.94082 mm) ⅛” 0.405 in (10.29 mm) 27 0.03704 in (0.94082 mm) ¼” 0.540 in (13.72 mm) 18 0.05556 in (1.41122 mm) 3/8″ 0.675 in (17.15 mm) 18 0.05556 in (1.41122 mm) ½” 0.840 in (21.34 mm) 14 0.07143 in (1.81432 mm) ¾” 1.050 in (26.67 mm) 14 0.07143 in (1.81432 mm) 1″ … Continue reading National Pipe Thread (NPT) Sizes / Dimensions
Grade Identification Marking Specification Material Nominal Size In. Proof Load Stress ksi Hardness Rockwell See Note Min Max No Mark ASTM A563 – Grade 0 Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 1-1/2 69 B55 C32 3,4 ASTM A563 – Grade A Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 1-1/2 90 B68 C32 3,4 ASTM A563 – Grade B Carbon Steel … Continue reading Hex Nut Grade Identification and Mechanical Properties
Identification Grade Mark Specification Fastener Description Material Nominal Size Range (in.) Mechanical Properties Proof Load (psi) Yield Strength Min (psi) Tensile Strength Min (psi) No Grade Mark SAE J429 Grade 1 Bolts, Screws, Studs Low or Medium Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 1-1/2 33,000 36,000 60,000 ASTM A307 Grades A&B Low Carbon Steel 1/4 thru 4 … Continue reading Hex Bolt Grade Identification and Mechanical Properties
Machinability is the defined as the ease with which a material can be machined. The American Iron and Steel Institute has determined that AISI 1112 Steel has a machinability of 100%. Other materials are compared below: Carbon Steels 1015 – 72% 1018 – 78% 1020 – 72% 1022 – 78% 1030 – 70% 1040 – … Continue reading Machinability of Metals